ABSTRACT
To analyze naringin, naringenin and its metabolites in rat urine and feces after intragastric administration of alcohol extract of Exocarpium Citri Grandis, healthy SD rats were fed with alcohol extract of Exocarpium Citri Grandis for 3 days. On the last day, 0-24 h feces and 0-4 h, 4-8 h, 8-24 h urine were collected and analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The post-acquisition data were processed using Metabolynx The result is that naringin and its 6 metabolites, naringenin and its 4 metabolites were detected in the urine of rat. Meanwhile, naringin and its 3 metabolites, naringenin and its 2 metabolites were detected in the feces of rat.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze naringin, naringenin and its metabolites in rat plasma after intragastric administration of exocarpium Citri grandis alcohol extract.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Rat blood samples were collected 1.0 hour after oral administration of 50 g x kg(-1) exocarpium Citri grandis alcohol extract and analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF with MS(E) function. The post-acquisition data were processed using Metabolynx.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Naringin (M1), naringenin (M2), naringin-5-O-glucuronide (M3), naringin-4-O-glucuronide (M4), glucuronide conjugate of naringenin (M5), naringin-4-O-sulfate (M6), methylated conjugate of hydroxylated naringenin (M7), glucuronide and sulfate conjugate of naringenin (M8), glucuronide conjugate of hydroxylated naringenin (M9) in rat plasma were detected. M3, M4, M6 were first reported as the metabolites of naringin. M7, M9 were first reported as the metabolites of naringenin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicated that naringin, naringenin can be metabolited as the forms of glucuronidation, sulfation and naringenin can also be metabolited as the forms of methylation with hydroxylation and glucuronidation with hydroxylation in vivo after administration.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Citrus , Chemistry , Drug Administration Routes , Flavanones , Blood , Metabolism , Mass Spectrometry , Plant Extracts , Blood , Metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Objective To observe the survival of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) after injection into the vitreous of rabbits,and the animal safety under those procedures.Methods Twenty-seven pigmented rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (intravitreal injection 1 week group,2 weeks group and 4 weeks group),each with 9 rabbits.For each animal the right eye was the experimental eye receiving hUC-MSCs injection,while the left eye was the control eye receiving cuhure medium.The rabbit eyes were examined by slit-lamp microscope,indirect ophthalmoscopy,fundus photography,fundus fluorescence angiography(FFA)and Tono-pen tonometer before and after injection.hUC-MSCs were labeled by CM-Dil in vitro,and their survival status was measured by eonfocal fluorescence microscopy,light microscope and transmission electron microscope at 4 weeks after injection.Results Four weeks after injection,a large number of the hUC-MSCs were still alive in the vitreous cavity.The overall condition of those rabbits was good.The anterior segment and retina of experimental eyes were normal,without hyperfluorescence,hypofluorescenee and leakage in the retina at 1,2 and 4 weeks after injection.There was no significant difference on lOP before and after injection at different time points (P>0.05),and no obvious changes at cornea,anterior chamber angle,lens,retinal structure by.light microscope and transmission electron microscope examination.Conclusion hUC-MSCs can survive in the rabbit vitreous for four weeks;intravitreal injection of hUC-MSCs was safe and feasible.